Although a large amount of low-calcium fly ash (FA) is produced annually (about 900–1000 million tons), its utilization is considerably low at ∼30% [1, 2].This rate contrasts starkly with other industrial byproduct-based supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), such as ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and silica fume; these SCMs have been …
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